What is the fourth layer exchange

What is the fourth layer exchange

Although it is still weighing what it means to the third layer switching, the fourth layer exchange has already sounded the latest in networking notes. The third layer switching is routing, then what is the fourth layer of the exchange?

The fourth layer of OSI model is the transport layer. Transport layer is responsible for end to end communication, that is the source and target systems in the network communication between the co-ordination. In the IP protocol stack is TCP (a transport protocol) and UDP (user datagram protocol) protocol layer is located.

In the fourth layer, TCP and UDP header contains the port number (portnumber), they can be uniquely identified what each packet contains the application protocol (eg HTTP, FTP, etc.). Endpoint system uses this information to distinguish between packets of data, particularly the port number to a receiver computer system before it can determine the IP packet type, and gave it to the appropriate high-level software. IP address port number and device combination often called "jack (socket)".

1 and the port number 255 is reserved, they called the "well known" ports, that is, in all host TCP / IP protocol stack implementation, the port number is the same. In addition to "known" ports, the standard UNIX distribution service port in the 256-1024 range, custom application normally assigned port numbers above 1024. TCP / UDP port number to provide the additional information can be exploited for network switches, which is the basis for the exchange of the fourth floor.

Exchange of the fourth layer and the second layer, the difference between the third layer switching

Second, third and the fourth floors of the exchange in the campus network can have a good application. The second layer switching and network connected users, the guidelines in the subnet traffic, the third layer or the router to packet switching from one subnet to another subnet, the fourth layer of the package reached the terminal server exchange. The fourth tier is the network infrastructure in the exchange of important factors, it makes the server capacity increases with the network bandwidth.

From the operational point of view, the fourth layer exchange is strong, as it ended to package control in places from the source side of the interval. On the other hand, router, or third exchange, only for a single packet for processing, do not know where he comes from a bag, do not know the situation of the next packet. They are just testing the TCP packet header port number, depending on the application to establish priority queue. Routers and network is available under the link packet routing decision nodes. The fourth tier is the performance of the available server and on the basis of first identifying the interval.

The main function of the fourth layer is to increase the exchange of individual servers and groups server reliability and scalability.

If the server could not keep pace, even with the most rapid exchange of the network can not fully ensure that the end of the performance. One can imagine such a high priority of the business QoS-enabled network server in a low priority because of the queue and obstruction of business. In the worse case, the server will even lose the ability to handle business cycle.

Design of the fourth layer on the server that is extended past the purpose of the exchange server and application in the second and third floor exchange performance and business flow management.

Advantage of the fourth layer switching

Exchange of the fourth layer a third layer and fourth layer of information in the packet header information, identifying service flow according to the interval, the business section of the entire range of flow assigned to the appropriate application server for processing.

Each open interval associated with a particular server, for tracking server, the fourth layer switching allows multiple servers to support specific applications, increases linearly with the server's overall performance enhancement. Meanwhile, the fourth layer exchange by reducing the dependence on any particular server, while improving application reliability.

The fourth tier exchange also requires end to end QoS, the second and third tiers to improve the exchange of a QoS packet then a packet transmission capabilities. For example, users from high-level business or important applications to network traffic, can be assigned to the fastest I / O system and CPU, while the ordinary business allocated to the poor performance of the machine.

Brief exchange of the fourth layer

Switching function is like the fourth level virtual IP, point to the physical server. It transfers a wide range of business subject to the agreement, there are HTTP, FTP, NFS, Telnet or other agreement. These business based on the physical server, require complex load balancing algorithm. In the IP world, business type from the TCP or UDP port address of the terminal to determine, in the fourth floor of the exchange zone by the source and the terminal IP address, TCP and UDP port joint decision.

Exchange in the fourth layer for each server group for setting up the search using virtual IP address (VIP), each server supports a specific application. In the domain name server (DNS) for each application server to store address is VIP, but not the real server address.

When a user for application, a group of VIP with the target server connection requests (such as a TCPSYN package) distributed server switch. Server switches in the group select the best server, the terminal address in the VIP IP replaced with the actual server, the server will pass the connection request. In this way, the same interval all packets by the server switches to map between the user and the same server for transmission.







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Shun and up to appeal to the State should be introduced as soon as possible "exception handling comp

There is no doubt that the financial system, the enterprise is very important for high accuracy, does not allow the slightest error, naturally, in the information age, every business relies on the financial software, especially, required software function designed for enterprise development, can increase on demand. Domestic management software market, domestic and foreign firms according to the needs of enterprise customers design and develop a variety of targeted products, especially for more complex needs of SMEs, in order to smooth and up to launch represented by software vendors such as teller systems, warehousing Wang , Wang and other business software, at all levels, especially financial power count highlights the "simple and practical" features.

But with the rapid development of the whole market forward, companies will inevitably be some urgent and exceptional situation, the need for computerization of financial exception handling, but because the relevant departments of the enterprise inventory valuation has made changes to provisions related to: valuation methods have been determined shall not be changed. And volatile in price, the FIFO method will be a "Stock Unit" is zero or negative. Therefore, in actual practice, many users often do not know how to Tiaozhang strain and for exception handling, the inconvenience to the normal development of enterprises.

I learned from the smooth and up to now only a smooth and up and their users to understand, change the pricing method must first apply for the tax department, but specifically how to provide for, is not clear. Then the author has interviewed a number of other vendors and enterprise users, it is learned, they are also faced with the problem. Therefore, the center has always been user-Shun and up, For the removal of this provision is not clear to business users in distress, and has urged the countries to the early introduction of the computerization of financial exception handling on the specific requirements to further protect the corporate finance Computing efficient and perfect, so as to promote overall development.

At the same time, as a provider of software products, the manufacturers should also increase demand for our business development process research and infiltration, to develop more practical products. In particular, to estimate the various business development company, to set aside enough room for expansion to accommodate the business of high-level, diversified development. Taking into account the financial system is the business end-users, frontline operational staff, so special emphasis on simple, user-specific operations should be as simple as possible to learn. In the current business computer applications, management level is not very high case, the "user-oriented" of the highest priority.

This, along and up to chairman Cai Zhongliang said that the software is designed according to business needs, is one of the core, smooth, and up to full line of products currently under research the latest market demands and a brand new smart Gaizao, for users, more peace of mind and convenient. If the authorities can introduce anomalies in financial accounting has become more clear and specific provisions, then the ICC will all aspects of the financial processing are convenient, practical help enterprise development.

In this, I also hope that the relevant state regulations promulgated as soon as possible, improve the computerization of financial development in China, thus clearing the way for the enterprise information, gain the upper hand!







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To license 3G operators should have been five major power

Telecommunications Research Institute of Ministry of Information Industry recently said Chen Yuping, director of communication, if the 3G started building, then there should be three-year transitional period or period of development, so 2G to 3G transition gradually, after two years of gradual expansion in order to start profitable side side of the practice of construction operations should be more reasonable.

Chen Yuping that the operator wants to get any 3G licenses, should have five strengths:

First, the network strength. Have large-scale network operations, currently have this capability is only four, namely China Telecom, China Netcom's PHS system, to the current nearly 60 million users, PHS moved to 3G, has a mature network or more large-scale network operations, to obtain a license for his conduct after the construction of 3G is a good strong point. China Mobile, China Unicom as such, existing network is the mobile network, as long as its upgrades.

Second, the strength needed funds. On the one hand the strength of their investment carriers, on the other hand need financing, how to finance is a problem. The 3G one go to vote, millions of users of the network should be in the tens of billion yuan.

Third, technical strength. In addition to the four major carriers have more operators, maintenance and operation of large capacity, China Satcom, CRC is relatively weak. China Telecom, China Netcom PHS strongly pushed, mainly to the accumulation of experience, accumulated a group of users and network operators, a number of aspects of human resources, to prepare for future transition.

Fourth, business strength. Four operating companies ability to innovate with new business, when to get a license to build 3G network quickly and business.

Fifth, the user strength, mainly refers to the operator and the number of potential users. Four companies have tens of millions or billions of users, the strength of its great potential for development and guarantee.

Chen Yuping said, 3G existing problems: 3G standard version too much, too frequent updates. The final version has been changed, the three standard version of the ITU in a version to out and out a few version of the first half, second half of the several versions out there are frequent, reason is not yet begun operations or small-scale operators found many problems, 3G technology is so far still can not say mature, there are many need to update, modify, technical.

3G technology is not yet mature, 3G terminal development lags behind, 2G terminal thousands, but only a few dozen types of 3G terminal, the terminal's development lagged far behind development of the system; 3G market immaturity, lack of Feicibuke critical applications, on killer app still not a definite view, because 3G is too small scales, which apply yes 3G market, the application of essential and which applications can Jinxingtuiguang 3G on, expand, many people believe that a mature 3G 甯傚満 not market development for 3G How, how to pull, is still under discussion; 3G license and spectrum auction at high prices to operators and users overwhelmed. The pressure on the operators is very large, users find all kinds of fees are too high, the current national 3G commercial issues remain.







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Servlet 2.5 version of the termination response

First Department, has profound optimization of a small but as an example of the specification also pretty interesting. Servlet 2.4 specification to respond in these types of cases should be effective, including: in response setContentLength method content has been clearly stated, and the content has been written into the response. This is only your code like this can make to respond to re-orientation:

鈼?response.setHeader ("Host", "localhost");

鈼?response.setHeader ("Pragma", "no-cache");

鈼?response.setHeader ("Content-Length", "0");

鈼?response.setHeader ("Location", http://www.apache.org ");

Servlet technology ignore the title of the first specific area, because the content to meet the 0 byte length of the response will be effective immediately. But before it, had to respond to failure of the! Servlet containers are usually refused to implement such behavior, and Servlet 2.5 version added "length must be greater than 0" principle.

Code examples:

Servlet 2.4 specification to be called request.getReader () method called before request.setCharacterEncoding () method. But if you ignore this principle in its wake to the call request.setCharacterEncoding () method, then what would be the consequences, this specification does not say where. The sake of simplicity, to eliminate this situation now!

Cross-context sessions (between sessions in different contexts directory):

Recently, a session on Cross-context rules have been clearly addressed. When Servlets assigned from one context to another context of the request, this rule played a role?? Call in the objective process, including what the session. This version makes the emergence of a context where the portlets directory's home page can be several commands within the context of the other directories in the portlets work.

Servlet 2.5 version it clear that the resources of a context directory can access other contexts directory session (session), regardless of where the request started. This means that portlets can scope out the home page to run in their own areas, and this standard will be applied to incompatible Serlvet container. Look:

Since Servlet 2.5 version to keep some of the old nature, the concept had several major postponed to the next stage. They include:

鈼?new input / output (NIO) support: to make access more conducive to Servlets for NIO client communications.

鈼?filter wrap-under, or wrap-over semantics: sometimes filters packing requests, and / or response object to modify the act or method of opening of the new method. When to this package and the server requests and responses on the package when combined together, how they should be packaged together?

鈼?Servlets for popular documents: the index should serve as welcome as a function of the file? Prior to this, the answer is yes. But the specification did not specify how to use this function, especially in the absence of the index case.

鈼?for popular file distribution rules: how to distribute welcome file, it does not fully explain the details, but left some open gaps to deal with incompatibilities.

鈼?Select the default page after login: If users access their bookmarks Servlet landing page, then after a successful landing page should be turned to where? This problem has not been made clear.

鈼?user's theme log: the right to register through the website after the landing not through traditional means there is no way to trust the user to Servlet.







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Big Dragon: China's PR industry subversion

A Swede, but slightly Beijing accent spoke Mandarin; a Swede, but has a typical Chinese style nickname - "Big Dragon"; a Swede looks calm, but heavy metal music like manic, who is full of contradictions China's PR industry is quite well known, and has more than a dozen world-renowned multinational customers an easy public relations general manager Bai Shihua.

The East meets West in the Swede, whose real name is called Johan Bjorksten, translated into Chinese is the birch forest where the meaning of the stones, so he called Baishi Hua Chinese name. But we call him "Big Dragon", "This is my first visit to China, a travel guide gave me, because I belong to Dragon."

What is the real PR?

Easy for the public relations for numerous Fortune 500 companies to provide public relations strategy and analysis, crisis management, media relations and event management and a series of services, long-term clients include Electrolux, IKEA, Absolut Vodka, Sony, Saab, Porsche, etc. well-known brand, market competitiveness is evident.

"This is because of my public relations firm has a clear position." Dragon says. Four years ago, the big dragon type of public relations firm has talked to some 70 500 public relations manager, most of these respondents were only the two types of public relations firms: foreign and domestic. Foreign public relations firms to high prices, arrogance, but the professional and strategic; and domestic public relations company does not have a strategic concept, but quickly, to quickly produce the results of the media, good service attitude. While each have their own characteristics, but not a public relations firm has its own specific position.

"Positioning for the company in any industry is very important to take the car, said that Volvo's safety when it comes to open up and comfort is the Mercedes-Benz, BMW is comfortable sitting up, customers will need to choose according to their buying Which brand of car, no positioning will lead to price war among enterprises. "

Tai Lung to easily position the company as public relations in a "knowledge-oriented media relations." This position is that he interviewed a number of businesses and media after the decision. He heard an IT company complained about their public relations firms can not provide the services they want. Tai Lung is very strange, a professional IT company to do public relations how will it work? Companies said their company and not the same as other IT companies, each company has its own characteristics, this big dragon that is a real understanding of public relations consultancy services should be customer demand, and must know what customers need to achieve business objectives, so as to provide maximum value-added services.

He also contacted hundreds of reporters, the deepest impression is a senior editor, said he does not like public relations firms, as public relations company is to promote customer manuscript handed media, the middle charge exorbitant fees, public relations firms such fundamental not do any value-added services, in fact, a special kind of advertising. As a result, a large dragon on the market, summed up the contradiction between public relations, public relations firm that is not truly understand the needs and characteristics of enterprises, but also do not know what the media really want to write. Therefore, a large dragon took it easy for public relations as a "knowledge-oriented communication, the media really understand the customer, and more in-depth coverage."

"Communication (communication) is very important", a large dragon that public relations firms do not simply publish information out to businesses only, "It is important to consumers believe that companies can achieve the commitments they have made." A easy for public relations as an English training school services, Tai Lung discovered a very interesting phenomenon: that they give consumers about the advantages of the school although we do agree with, but do not believe the school can do. "So, our most important task is to prove that schools can do, we need to communicate." But the communication of specific measures that may involve commercial secrets, Tai Lung declined.

In order to truly understand the needs of customers and consumers, he asked his public relations consultant to the need to service the client company to practice. "We are a consultancy service for the Ikea, Ikea have been wearing the yellow uniform salesman in the mall selling, selling to be eligible to return two weeks later a consultant to do Ikea." Vulnerable to public relations to 60% - 80% growth rate, accurate positioning contributed.

Talent competition, customer choice

"Our competition is talent, not customers." Dragon point of view it seems China's public relations market, closer to nature. Indeed, China's public relations market is still very young, many are not mature, imperfect, but now 30% a year growth rate of developing public relations practitioners in short supply, "so we can provide services to senior public relations is a real companies can provide services to 10% -20%. "

Dragon would like to emphasize the importance of talent. A real public relations company's business, should include event management, media relations, audience analysis, product planning, investor relations, corporate image of the profit of, clarity, etc., the core is to achieve customer, media, real consumer interaction. Tai Lung that these tasks require enormous intellectual investment, not a sufficient number of good public relations difficult to achieve.

Competition between peers makes intense competition for customers. But the dragon has proposed the "select customers" slogan. He believes that public relations is an emerging industry in China, many concepts still vague, although Chinese entrepreneurs and marketing managers have been initially on the role of advertising has the necessary knowledge, but few can appreciate the essence of a brand, not know how to use more subtle ways to bring the brand to achieve very strong.

Tai Lung that the minds of the Chinese enterprise managers have a misunderstanding: they think that ad spending and income equal to the value of 100 million 100 million worth of spare parts and equate public relations services. In fact, brand building requires a very complex process, which involves the company's overall environment and information of mutual communication, sales force, product image to the media, advertising (in fact a small part of the PR) part of this series.

Therefore, always choose an easy public relations, such as Porsche, Sony, IKEA, they understand the brand value of customers. "They understand how to add value to their brands, and our consumers, the media and clients where there are very in-depth understanding of the market, so we hit it off."

"In fact, customers should have confidence in their choice of public relations firm. Should be the users do not doubt, doubt those who do not." A phrase from the lips foreigner journalists surprised a moment. "Enterprises should be sure that they find a public relations consultant is professional, knowledgeable, understand them, then the needs of enterprises and consultants good communication, so that we will cooperate well, value-added capabilities will be strengthened." But He acknowledged that companies need to wait until the market is mature, experienced the later can achieve this level.

Part-time DJ business transformation

Dragon 16, he revealed his business acumen. He published scientific papers in his father needed to work hand-drawn chart found business opportunities, they registered a graphics company. "At the time popular home computer yet, so I had more money than many adults pay more than this for a high school student is very impressive." In 1994, Tai Lung UPPSALA, Sweden, the University of the chemical master's degree, this Peking University has been studying for two years to the young man began to germinate the idea of entrepreneurship in China.

Initially, he had to do imports registered a miniature golf equipment company, out of the "long march the first step on the road." Later, a radio friend and chatted about the Nordic Dragon music, friends, found a large dragon on the music great deal of research, but also fluent in Mandarin, so his friends pulled him to the music, and hosts a special Nordic music files, so that Sweden made a young part-time radio and television over 8 years.

From the media into the PR industry seems a natural. "Maybe I did host the some name, some people came to me to introduce them to some people to do things like opening time, I felt this could be a business opportunity." Was well-known brands Electrolux and Omega watches find a big dragon, hope to help them to do great dragon media relations. In this way, he throw himself wholeheartedly into and operation of public relations, consulting business.

Dragon said, "I like Chinese culture, especially the food culture." First contact with Chinese culture, he was seven when his father took him to eat Chinese food, Tai Lung learned to use chopsticks, but also to the front of their classmates to go. The exposure to Chinese culture is like a giant magnet to attract him firmly, he will have to go often to museums and other cultural relics and art in China.

A few years ago, Tai Lung's father in Estonia, the mother in Australia, big sister in Switzerland, the little sister in Scotland?? "We are all like family battles, go open eyes." Tai Lung said. China's huge market prospects and the rapid development of the economy, entrepreneurs like him have a tremendous appeal. "China's business, I have no hesitation." Dragon confidence in their choice.







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Who made the prosperity of reduced memory Zhongguancun

Each of 20 shops, have a close leave. This is the Zhongguancun electronics store - the nation's largest consumer electronics distribution center, now presented in a recession: Flow reduction, volume reduction, people go counter space.

Storms, the computer and other IT products at one time a year earlier profit fell 4 percentage points, and even the world's semiconductor giants China Taiwan UMC and SMIC is also a huge loss.

According to the survey, China had Qicheng people affected by the financial crisis, coupled with the stock plunged, housing prices decline, high unemployment rate increase, many consumers began to Wujin purse for the winter, as a non-necessities of life electronic products, its sales of natural not optimistic.

Upstream squeeze corporate profits, lower consumer purchasing power continues to decline, on concern lower risk of time, become overwhelming external economic market businesses in Zhongguancun electronics stores the last straw.

On the surface, this collapse of the financial crisis is behind a wave of "murderer", but in my opinion, quietly issued force competitors and that have long business management is the real "Gravedigger."

First, the internal troubles die-hard. For a long time, the price of Zhongguancun store is confusion and lack of integrity is obvious. The industry has eulogized the "buy a computer, to Zhongguancun," long superficial, and now, "Zaike, fake, Kengmengguaipian" Zhongguancun has become synonymous with electronic stores.

In addition, since 2006, Zhongguancun store's rent is almost 15% annual growth rate. Fleece, businesses can not Yingkang rent can only be passed on to consumers.

Therefore, "to deceive one is one, can kill a pair of a pair of" Zhongguancun business have become common psychological. Knowing that fraud makes credit loss, but to a pressing need, they have time to take into account the long-term interests. Means of changing the sales and marketing channels emerging today, Zhongguancun electronic stores starting to prove twilight.

Second, the opponents force. At present, Gome, Dazhong and Suning Appliance and so on from the traditional stores, into a collection of household appliances, computers, mobile phones and other 3C products, a comprehensive shopping mall. And the Zhongguancun model similar to that of Beijing Buynow also open the store, but online shopping has gradually come into fashion. These new sales model for streaming into their rival businesses in Zhongguancun. Large, if not formal B2C website, dispersed remnant-like network of dealers have also launched the Zhongguancun IT store price shocks.

Rome was not built in a day cold. Disorder, falling profits, living hard, these objective reasons, a considerable number of businesses are making false prices, cheating customers; Honesty is word of mouth brought deterioration, traffic reduction, collapse is inevitable. Can be said that the financial turmoil is a failure of Zhongguancun electronics store incentives, the key is the core competitiveness gradually disappear.

Store in response to the decline in the experience of nearly 10 years of rapid development, the Zhongguancun area of Computer City, the rent reduction for the first time, several supermarkets have started to release the product sales price. But this is only a "stop-gap" in the occasional move to improve the business category and business management, upgrade distributors and service quality and brand to resolve the crisis is the root of the problem.

This will need to include the Consumers Association, including multi-store and consumer efforts.







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PMP candidates generally concerned

1, the reliability of multiple-choice exam?

PMP-choice test the reliability of the high! Some people think that the election of a multiple choice exam four unreliable, this is a great misunderstanding PMP exam! Easily get out of the multiple-choice test, of course, not very reliable. However, PMP is a rigorous examination of multiple choice questions developed by the scientific research process, all questions must go through the experimental environment (equivalent to natural science research in the laboratory) to the real test environment, a variety of testing, so PMP exam subject with sufficient scientific and reliable.

2, PMP exam difficult?

Both hard not hard! Make efforts Go for people who can test too. A tap test had luck, unlikely.

銆??3銆丳MP鑰冭瘯鐨勯?杩囩巼鏄灏?

銆??娌℃湁棰勫厛纭畾鐨勯?杩囩巼鏍囧噯锛屼篃娌℃湁鍑嗙‘鐨勫疄闄呴?杩囩巼缁熻鏁板瓧銆?Based on experience, estimates of China's PMP exam, the average pass rate of about 70%.

4, PMP exam how long the results?

PMI commitment of time is 6-8 weeks after the examinations.杩囧幓锛屽彧鏈?007骞?鏈堢殑鑰冭瘯锛屽嚭鎴愮哗鐨勬椂闂磋秴杩?鍛?鍏朵粬鑰冭瘯閮藉湪8鍛ㄥ唴鍑烘垚缁╋紝鏈?揩鐨勪竴娆℃槸2鍛ㄥ銆?As the number of candidates in China increased rapidly, which will extend out from the objective results of the time.

5, I took the later, whether to pass, not sure how to do?

After the test too, consider themselves 100% to people who had basically no. Most people have the same feeling with you, you only have to look in the hope that so many people on the network performance, we know. This is also the charm of PMP exam. As long as not too anxious, a little anxiety in anticipation, so when the results come out will have more surprises!

6, why not publish PMI examination questions and answers?

As the PMP examination is ongoing (foreign machine test, in addition to festivals and holidays, every day open test), not out of the test subject may have to use later, so PMI can not test after an exam in each subject. Since the subject can not be published, the publication of the so-called answer has nothing to say about. PMP鑰冪敓搴旇鍏呭垎璋呰В杩欎竴鐐广? PMP exam is the continued vitality, it ensures the long-term value of PMP certification. Perhaps the PMI will be released after the examination of some out of topic.

7, why is it that some results may seem the same candidates, may have passed (Pass), and some did not pass (Fail)?

PMP exam consists of six parts, namely: the project started, planning, implementation, monitoring, finishing and professional ethics. Proportion of the various parts were as follows: 11%, 23%, 27%, 21%, 9%, 9%. PMP parts of your test results indicate only three levels of performance, namely: below proficient, moderately proficient, proficient. Even if the two parts of exactly the same performance level of candidates most likely to do on the subject of the actual number of different and even vary large, such as: A number of candidates to do on the subject has reached a level cap, and B the number of candidates to do just that on the subject of the lower level. Candidates should be noted: PMP exam final measure is the "property" (that is, the quality of your "qualified" or "failure") instead of "variable" (the quality of your overall distribution of test scores at what location), though " variable "is used to determine the" property "basis. If the candidate has understood the PMBOK Guide "quality management" in the "attribute sampling" and "random variable", it is easy to understand report card of the PMP exam - in addition to the overall results (Pass or Fail) meaningful, each part of the results grades are only useful, but let candidates know their own strengths and weaknesses.

8, I am prepared to participate in PMP exam in 2009, should learn PMBOK Guide Third Edition or Fourth Edition?

According to the latest PMI news release, if you intend to June 30, 2009 to participate in PMP? Exam or July 31, 2009 to participate in CAPM? Test, you should learn PMBOK? Guide Third Edition. If you're ready to June 30, 2009 after participating PMP? Exam or July 31, 2009 after participating CAPM? Exam, you should learn PMBOK? Guide Fourth Edition (forthcoming in December 2008 published). As mainland China's PMP? / CAPM? Examinations are scheduled each year 3,6,9,12 months, so be prepared to participate in September 2009 and beyond PMP? / CAPM? Test who should learn PMBOK? Guide Fourth Edition.

9, PMP exam in the end do the number of questions be considered a pass?

PMP exam a total of 200 multiple choice questions (four-choice), of which 25 are not the subject of experimental points (that is, whether right or wrong do not affect test scores). More popular argument is that the official title in the 175 made in 61% (about 107) for passing. Note: 61% or 107 of this argument, not the PMI's "PMP Certification Manual" provisions, the formal statement. PMI in the manual does not promise any specific pass line, only provides "PMI certification exam pass all the lines are good psychological measurement and analysis to decide." We can "psychological test analysis," understood as a statistical method that, according to statistical analysis to determine the passing score, so that the results of the examination has good comparability. So it should be understood: 61% is only an approximation of the pass line.







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